Makalah Bahasa Inggris

Introduction

Second language is the language that person laearned to
addition their language beside their native language.

In second language we can know the different way process
learned between adult and children to learn language.

Factors can be influence them (adult and children) to learned
second language is psychological factor and social foactor.

In psychological factor there are : intellectual processing,
memory and motor skill.

In social factor there are : natural situation and the
classroom situation.

Chapter 1

What is second language acquisition ?

Second language acquisition is the
addition language that person learned beside the first language. Second
language acquisition also refers to the scientific discipline devoted to
studying that process.

A. Common belief

Most people believe that children are better then adults when
attempting to learn a second language.

Factor involved in second language acquisition is:

1. Psychological factors affecting

A. Intellectual processing

B. Memory

C. Motor skills

2. Social situation
affecting

A. The natural situation

B. The classroom situation

1. Psychological factors affecting in
second language

a. Intellectual processing

There
are two ways to learn the structure and rules of a second language: someone can
explain them to you or you can figure them out for yourself. The first way may
be termed ’explication’, the second ‘induction’.

Explication

Explication is the process whereby the rules and the structures
of a second language are explained to the learner in his or her native
language.

The
example is : a teacher , she teach you about second language she gives you and
explain you about the second language
and she tell you explicative about the rules and structure of second language.

Induction

Learning
by self discovery is the essence of the process of induction. The child who is
exposed to second language speech and remembers what he or she has heard will
be able to analyze and discover the generalization or rule that underlies the
speech.

The example : mother said with her daughter my honey time to eating now .
but the children didn’t know what is eating ? and her mother not give the
meaning of eating but children remembered what her mother tell with her about
eating and she analyzed the word in her brain if her mother said it , she do
something like she put in food in her mouth so she can know eating is it.

b. Memory

Memory is crucial to learning. It is conceivable that a
person with severe memory impairment could ever learn his or her native
language, much less a second language. The learning of the simplest word
requires memory. Memory is similarly crucial for the learning of grammatical
structures and rules.

The kind of simple memorization where words, phrases and
sentences are remembered just as they are is called ‘rote’ memorization by
psycholinguist. While children at age 5 or 6 still display a phenomenal ability
at rote memorization, it seems that older children do not, with some decline
beginning around 8 years of age and with more of a decline from about 12 years
of age.

It seems that
children’s age can be divided into two categories under 7 years and 7 to 12
years. By 50, for example there appears to be decrease of about 20 per cent in
the number of the brain cells in the cortex by 75 years of age that loss will
have reached approximately 40 per cent. In the normally aging brain, long term
memories seem relatively unaffected with one’s knowledge of the world, built up
over decades, remaining intact.

On the other hand the
ability to deal successfully with material such as list of new names and words
is affected.

c. Motor skill

Good pronunciation, which is
related to the ability to control the organs of speech, is clearly essential
part of learning a foreign language. Jaws, lips, tongue; vocal chords are
controlled by muscles, all of which are under the general control the brain.

The particular motor skill of speech
pronunciation is best developed at a younger age. Somewhere around the age of
10 and 12 years the ability to acquire new motor skills begins to decline.
Children learning a second language typically learn to speak it with a
pronunciation that is indistinguishable from that of native speaker.

Children under the age of 7 years are rated
‘high’ on all psychological factors except ‘explicative’ processing, while,
adults are rated ‘high’ on ‘inductive’ and ‘explicative’ processing but ‘low’
on ‘memory’ and ‘motor skills’.

2. Social factors affecting in second
language

a. Natural situation

A
natural situation for second-language learning is one where the second language
is experienced in a situation that is similar to that in which the native
language is learned. Speaking as one gets older there is a decline in the kind
of social interactions which promotes language learning. For adults, social
interaction mainly occurs through the medium of language. Few native speakers’
adults are willing to devote time to interacting with someone who does not
speak the language. The adult foreigner will have little opportunity to engage
in meaningful language exchange except for picking up bits of language that are
experienced in the workplace or in shopping. The older the child, the greater
the role that language p[lays in social interaction and the more the person
will experience difficult in being accepted.

b. The classroom situation

The
classroom for second language learning is planned, or some might say, an
artificially constructed, situation. In the natural situation, language is but
one aspect of life, an aspect which accompanies other life events. In the
classroom language it becomes the prime aspect of life around which all else
revolves. There are characteristic of the planned classroom which distinguishes
it from the natural situation. They are include social adjustment to group
process, the need to attend class in order to learn, the need for long periods
of concentration and having to do home study. Young children will do quite poor
in comparison to older children and adults.

3. Who is better ?

a. Natural situation

In the natural situation, younger
children will do best. Natural situation is more favorable to children because
adults undergo a marked decline in the quality and the quantity of the social
interaction conductive to good language learning. In a natural situation, the
social activities of children especially young children expose them to massive
amounts of good, natural language.

It will be easier for children to learn syntax
than it will be for adults. Because adults undergo decline in memory and
without remembered data there nothing to analyze.

Children posse the flexibility in motor skills which
adults do not have, children will do much better in acquiring native
pronunciation in a second language. It can be conclude that in all respects of
language learning, for the natural situation children will do better than
adults with younger children doing better than older children.

b. The calssroom situation

In the classroom situation adults
will do better than young children because they know how to be students. They
have sufficient maturity to meet the rigours of a formal learning environment,
where concentration, attention and even the ability to sit still for a long
time, all play a role in learning. The best age to learn a second language in a
classroom situation is probably that age where the individual retains much of
the memory and motor skills of the very young. But where the individual has
begun to reason and understand like an adult. That age would probably be
somewhere around 12 years.

4. Critical age

a. Characteristics of age

- It is easy to define and measure
than personality, attitude, or motivation

-The relationship between a learner’s
age and success in second language acquisition is the subject of much lively
debate

b. In critical age we will know the different young and adult such as :

The differences of accent

Word choice

Grammartically features

conclusion

learned
about second language is very important tous because we can get the new
language can we used and we can tried our tongue to habit to speak another
language beside our mother tongue.

The children and adult have the different process at they
were learn second language. The children is high on natural situation because
they have a good memorization and motor skill . the children have more one
billion cell of brain because the cell still develop. It is the different with
adult . adult is better in the classroom because adult know how attitude in
class and they can think much .

The children is more better in memory and motor skill and
adult more better in explication.

katakunci : makalah bahasa inggris