makalah psycholingustic thirth group - makalah bahasa inggris
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background of study
Acceptance of other Ianguage element in certain Ianguage require
sufficient phase and time. Process integrate this usually early when a Ianguage
do not have word equivalent exist in in the other Ianguage or might possibly
there is its equivalent but unknown. That situation will affect at process
loaning of Ianguage of other Ianguage / foreign Ianguage. If the loan element
have had the character of public or is acceptable, and utilized by most society
hence then the Ianguage can be told have integrated with entered Ianguage it.
Process acceptance of foreign Ianguage
element, specially element of vocubalary in happened more Indonesian to [pass/through]
process hear or audial. What heard hence that's to be said or written down so
that oftentimes generate irregularity.
1.2.
Formula of problem
1. What is language ?
2. Is language human
specific ?
3. do animals have language
?
1.3 Target of writing
1. For the adding of new
knowledge regarding language
2. To fulfill one
assignment of psycholingustic.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition
of language
The generally accepted
definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication (Wardhaugh, 1972). Language
is considered to be a very complex form of communication that occurs among the
human race. It is a set of verbal and non-verbal conventions that humans use to
express their ideas and wants. Humans use words while talking to express their
needs and wants and they cry, slouch and make faces when they want to express
feelings. Researchers say that animals, non-humans, do not have a true language
like humans. However they do communicate with each other through sounds and
gestures. Animals have a number of in-born qualities they use to signal their
feelings, but these are not like the formed words we see in the human language.
Human children show these same forms of communication as babies when crying and
gesturing. But they slowly learn the words of the language and use this as form
of communication.
Human language has the properties of productivity, recursivity,
and displacement,
and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure
affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication .And
language is thought to have originated when early hominin started gradually changing their
primate communication systems, acquiring the ability to form a theory of other
minds and
a shared intentionality.
This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in
brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having
evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. Language is
processed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca's and Wernicke's
areas. Humans acquire language
through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak
fluently when they are approximately three years old. The use of language is
deeply entrenched in human culture.
Therefore, in
addition to its strictly communicative uses, language also has many social and
cultural uses, such as signifying group identity, social stratification, as well as social
grooming and entertainment.
language is
considered unique to humans, it has been widely assumed that the asymmetry, in
particular in Wernickes area, was also unique to humans and that chimpanzees
lacked the structures necessary for language development. However, the surface
of this area was measured and the left area was found to be larger than the
right area of the chimpanzee brains. Humans and apes adapted the system of
communication from a common ancestor to suit different specialized needs, and
it seems that the old structures of the human brain have been used for new
tasks as humans developed a specialized way of learning in order to acquire
language. The human cortical areas have analogous areas in the brains of other
species, who may also have been ready for some primitive kind of language.
2.1.1 functions of language
Ø Informative
i.
Language
is used to convey messages, that is to inform somebody of some information.
ii.
Declarative
sentences are employed to realize the function.
Ø
Interpersonal
I.
In the framework of functional grammar, it is
concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse
situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
Ø Performative
function
I.
The performative function can extend to the control
of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.
Ø Emotive
function
I.
Language
can be used to get rid of the nervous energy when we are under stress
Ø
Phatic communion
I.
It refers to the social interaction of language. Greetings,
farewells, and comments on the weather in English
Ø Recreational
function
I.
To use language for the sheer joy of using it, such
as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, verbal dueling, poetry writing.
Ø Metalingual
function
I.
Language
can be used to talk about itself.Metalanguage certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and
description of particular studies, e.g. approving, formal, non technical,
old-fashioned.
2.2 Is language human specific ?
Design
Features of Languagerefer to
thequintessential characteristics of human language,which can distinguish any
human languagesystem from any non-human language system.They cover:
Arbitrariness, Duality,
Creativity,Displacement, and
Cultural transmission.
Ø Arbitrariness
i.
This
feature was first proposed by Saussure.
ii.
The
forms of linguistic signs bear no natural (logical, intrinsic) relationship to
their meaning.
iii.
“Different
sounds are used to refer to the same object in different
Ø
Duality
Language possess the property of having two
levels of structures:
I.
Sounds
(lower or basic level)
II.
Meaning
(higher level)
Sounds are combined with one
another to form meaningful units such as words. The secondary units sounds are meaningless and
the primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning.
Ø Creativity
I.
Language
can be used to send messages we have never said
or heard before.
II.
Creativity
is unique to human language.
III.
Language
is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of
new signals by its users.
Ø Displacement
I.
Human languages enable their users to symbolize
objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the
moment of communication.
II.
Thus, we
can refer to Confucius, or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead
for over 2550 years and the second is situated far away from us.
III.
Our language enables us to communicate about things
that do not exist or do not yet exist.
2.3 Do animals have
language ?
Researchers
say that animals, non-humans, do not have a true language like humans. However
they do communicate with each other through sounds and gestures. Animals have a
number of in-born qualities they use to signal their feelings, but these are
not like the formed words we see in the human language. Language is communicative, structured,
arbitrary, dynamic, and generative. The majority of animal communication
systems are only communicative. Animals may not have a language but animals do
have a means to communicate. In order to communicate specific meanings animals
use communicative signals that are not arbitrary. These used communicative signals
relay amounts of information but this is not language. Only humans (human
animals) have language. However, certain animals are able to understand certain
amounts of language that humans use, such as dogs and birds.
Understanding language and
understanding many different languages is not the same as having a language.
Many animals communicate through wavelengths and some rely upon unique sounds.
There
is no doubt that animals communicate with each other to one degree or another
in response to different stimuli such as hunger or fear. Human language is
creative and consists of unique characteristics that give us the ability to
engage in abstract and analytical ways.
So can it be said animals do not have a true language like us humans,
since we use language for a variety of things other than just communicating
simple needs? It is a matter of opinion and extensive research in the area. So
generally it is a mixture of sounds and body language which make up animal
languages and no two animals communicate in the same way. Some even use smells to communicate with each other too.
.
So what are the differences, then,
between animal communication and human language?
Animals communicate mostly as a response to stimulus, such
as fear or hunger. Human beings, on the other hand, are productive and
creative. We use language to:
To communicate
information
To share ideas
To solve problems
To express dreams
and goals
For fun (such as
jokes and word games)
Human beings use language to refer to something that's not
necessarily right in front of them, called displacement.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 CONCLUSION
Human
beings use language for more than simply communicating needs. Although some
animals may have some human language features, no animal has ALL of them,
including productively and displacement. This doesn't mean human language is
superior; we have a lot to learn about animal species, especially in ways that
might help us understand our own human origins.
They
are merely qualitatively different. And animal do not anything like the language
that all human speak easily.
REFERENCESS
http://sitwe.wordpress.com/2011/10/30/language-is-species-specific/
Valentine, C.w., psycholingustic and its bearing on education, Second edition,
methun &Co.Ltd, 1960.
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